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Scientists Successfully 3D Print Bones at Nano Level

April 4, 2025

Researchers from the University of Sydney have developed a new 3D printing technique that can recreate synthetic bone at the nanoscale level. The method allows for precise control of grain size and porosity during printing, mimicking the complex architecture of natural bone with 300 nanometer resolution. This advance could potentially improve bone graft surgeries in the future by creating substitutes that more closely resemble natural bone structure.

Scientists Successfully 3D Print Bones at Nano Level
A close up of 3D printed synthetic bone mimicking trabeculae, a major part of natural bone. (Image Credit: Roohani et al)

The technology uses specialized inks made from biocompatible materials like calcium phosphate that resemble the mineral composition of natural bone. According to the research team, the printing technique is one thousand times stronger than existing methods. The development was co-led by Professor Hala Zreiqat from the University of Sydney and Associate Professor Iman Roohani, now at the University of Technology Sydney.

“This reduces the risk of long-term complications and future surgeries and offers a more natural restoration of bone defects,” said Professor Zreiqat, whose team specializes in creating bio-ceramic materials. The research addresses a significant medical need, as Australian statistics show there were over 146,000 joint replacement surgeries in 2023 alone.

Microscale inscription
Microscale inscription of “Materials” (in green box) next to a human hair (arrow) for scale, demonstrating how scientists can precisely control the new printing method and grains of ink to create shapes. (Image Credit: Roohani et al.)

The research team overcame technical challenges by using prenucleation clusters, which are naturally found in bone and guide the mineralization process. By incorporating these clusters into a transparent calcium phosphate resin, they were able to mimic micro and nanoscale features of natural bone. The findings were published in Advanced Materials.

Unlike traditional metal implants that provide structural support but don’t participate in healing, these bioceramic materials aim to gradually integrate with the body and encourage new bone formation. The researchers are now working on enhancing the scalability of their printed structures to move the technology closer to clinical applications.

Source: sydney.edu.au

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